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Health authority accountability & strengths of influenza programHealth authority accountability & strengths of the program

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In pursuit of specific health objectives, countries, and in some cases, their regions, establish goals to guide their efforts. One commonly set objective is to achieve desired vaccination coverage rates (VCR). This is particularly relevant in the context of vaccines targeting prevalent diseases such as influenza, commonly known as the flu.
For instance, if out of a target population of 100 individuals, 65 have received the influenza vaccine, the vaccination coverage rate stands at 65%. These VCR targets serve as benchmarks to gauge the effectiveness of vaccination programs and to ensure adequate protection against infectious diseases within the population.

Bibliographical references:

  1. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). Seasonal influenza vaccination and antiviral use in EU/EEA Member States [Internet]. Stockholm; 2018.

  2. Blank PR, van Essen GA, Ortiz de Lejarazu R, Kyncl J, Nitsch-Osuch A, Kuchar EP, et al. Impact of European vaccination policies on seasonal influenza vaccination coverage rates: An update seven years later. Hum Vaccines Immunother. 2018;

  3. European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies. The organization and delivery of vaccination services in the European Unit. 2018.

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For individuals to access influenza vaccinations, there needs to be funding provided by either public or private entities. This policy specifically targets funding for flu vaccinations across various social groups for whom influenza vaccination holds particular significance.

Bibliographical references:

  1. Ting EEK, Sander B, Ungar WJ. Systematic review of the cost-effectiveness of influenza immunization programs. Vaccine [Internet]. 2017

  2. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). Seasonal influenza vaccination and antiviral use in EU/EEA Member States [Internet]. Stockholm; 2018.

  3. European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies. The organization and delivery of vaccination services in the European Unit. 2018.

  4. WHO. Guidance on the economic evaluation of influenza vaccination. 2016.

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This policy entails the nationwide regular monitoring of patient vaccination coverage rates (VCR) at vaccination sites and healthcare provider (HCP) levels by Health Authorities (HA). In essence, it involves the systematic oversight conducted by health authorities at the national level to track the vaccination coverage rates at individual vaccination sites and among healthcare providers.

Bibliographical references:

  1. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). Seasonal influenza vaccination and antiviral use in EU/EEA Member States [Internet]. Stockholm; 2018.

  2. Blank PR, van Essen GA, Ortiz de Lejarazu R, Kyncl J, Nitsch-Osuch A, Kuchar EP, et al. Impact of European vaccination policies on seasonal influenza vaccination coverage rates: An update seven years later. Hum Vaccines Immunother. 2018;

  3. Paul KT, Loer K. Contemporary vaccination policy in the European Union: tensions and dilemmas. J Public Health Policy [Internet]. 2019;40:166–79.

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This policy involves incorporating healthcare provider (HCP) vaccination coverage rates (VCR) against the influenza virus as a component of hospitals' performance criteria. In essence, it means that hospitals evaluate the performance of their staff based on their adherence to influenza vaccination protocols, emphasizing the importance of healthcare professionals being vaccinated against the flu.

Bibliographical references:

  1. Rashid H, Yin JK, Ward K, King C, Seale H, Booy R. Assessing interventions to improve influenza vaccine uptake among health care workers. Health Aff. 2016;35(2):284–92.

  2. Lindley MC, Mu Y, Hoss A, Pepin D, Kalayil EJ, van Santen KL, et al. Association of State Laws With Influenza Vaccination of Hospital Personnel. Am J Prev Med [Internet]. 2019;56(6):e177–83.

  3. Greene MT, Fowler KE, Ratz D, Krein SL, Bradley SF, Saint S. Changes in Influenza Vaccination Requirements for Health Care Personnel in US Hospitals. JAMA Netw open. 2018;1(2).

  4. Kitt E, Burt S, Price SM, Satchell L, Offit PA, Sammons JS, et al. Implementation of a Mandatory Influenza Vaccine Program: A 10-year experience. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;

  5. Costantino C, Restivo V, Tramuto F, Casuccio A, Vitale F. Influenza vaccination of healthcare workers in Italy: Could mandatory vaccination be a solution to protect patients? Future Microbiol. 2019;14(9s):45–9.

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This policy entails the establishment of a sustainable procurement system aimed at guaranteeing a consistent vaccine supply to prevent shortages and ensure that all individuals identified as vaccination targets have access to their required vaccine doses.

Bibliographical references:

  1. Grieco L, Panovska-Griffiths J, van Leeuwen E, Grove P, Utley M. Exploring the role of mass immunisation in influenza pandemic preparedness: A modelling study for the UK context. Vaccine [Internet]. 2020;38(33):5163–70.

  2. Farooq MU, Hussain A, Masood T, Habib MS. Supply chain operations management in pandemics: A State-of-the-Art Review Inspired by COVID-19. Sustainability. 2021;13.

  3. Wilsdon T, Lawlor R, Li L, Rafila A, García Rojas A. The impact of vaccine procurement methods on public health in selected European countries. Expert Rev Vaccines [Internet]. 2020;19(2):123–32.

Faccilitated access to vaccinationFaccilitated access to vaccination

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This policy aims to facilitate access to multiple vaccination settings, enabling individuals to receive vaccinations conveniently at various locations.

Bibliographical references:

  1. Rashid H, Yin JK, Ward K, King C, Seale H, Booy R. Assessing interventions to improve influenza vaccine uptake among health care workers. Health Aff. 2016;35(2):284–92.

  2. European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies. The organization and delivery of vaccination services in the European Unit. 2018.

  3. Gazmararian JA, Coleman M, Prill M, Hinman AR, Ribner BS, Washington ML, et al. Influenza vaccination of health care workers: Policies and practices of hospitals in a community setting. Am J Infect Control. 2007;35(7):441–7.

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This policy involves coordinating call-to-action communications from multiple stakeholders related to influenza vaccination. The objective is to effectively inform and motivate individuals from diverse target groups to get vaccinated against influenza.

Bibliographical references:

  1. Influenza Diabetes Community, European Scientific Working group on Influenza. Commitment paper of the Influenza/Diabetes Community [Internet]. 2019.

  2. Tailoring Immunization Programmes for Seasonal Influenza (TIP FLU) [Internet]. 2017.

  3. ECDC. Rapid literature review on motivating hesitant population groups in Europe to vaccinate. 2015.

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This policy entails healthcare organizations sending pop-up notifications or SMS messages to eligible individuals, reminding them to receive the flu vaccine as recommended.

Bibliographical references:

  1. Loiacono MM, Mitsakakis N, Kwong JC, Gomez GB, Chit A, Grootendorst P. Development and Validation of a Clinical Prediction Tool for Seasonal Influenza Vaccination in England. JAMA Netw open. 2020;3(6):e207743.

  2. WHO. Tailoring Immunization Programmes for Seasonal Influenza (TIP FLU). 2017.

  3. ECDC. Rapid literature review on motivating hesitant population groups in Europe to vaccinate. 2015.

Healthcare professional accountability and engagementHealthcare professional accountability and engagement

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This policy ensures that healthcare professionals undergo regular education and training in influenza vaccination. By staying updated, they are equipped to provide accurate information and assistance to individuals seeking guidance on vaccination.

Bibliographical references:

  1. Goldstein AO, Kincade JE, Gamble G, Bearman RS. Policies and Practices for Improving Influenza Immunization Rates Among Healthcare Workers. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2004;25(11):908–11

  2. Rashid H, Yin JK, Ward K, King C, Seale H, Booy R. Assessing interventions to improve influenza vaccine uptake among health care workers. Health Aff. 2016;35(2):284–92.

  3. Maltezou H, Poland G. Immunization of Health-Care Providers: Necessity and Public Health Policies. Healthcare. 2016;4(3):47.

  4. Gazmararian JA, Coleman M, Prill M, Hinman AR, Ribner BS, Washington ML, et al. Influenza vaccination of health care workers: Policies and practices of hospitals in a community setting. Am J Infect Control. 2007;35(7):441–7.

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This policy ensures fair and specific compensation for healthcare organizations and professionals for each vaccination administered.

Bibliographical references:

  1. Greene MT, Fowler KE, Ratz D, Krein SL, Bradley SF, Saint S. Changes in Influenza Vaccination Requirements for Health Care Personnel in US Hospitals. JAMA Netw open. 2018;1(2).

  2. Gazmararian JA, Coleman M, Prill M, Hinman AR, Ribner BS, Washington ML, et al. Influenza vaccination of health care workers: Policies and practices of hospitals in a community setting. Am J Infect Control. 2007;35(7):441–7.

  3. European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies. The organization and delivery of vaccination services in the European Unit. 2018.

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This policy mandates the vaccination of healthcare professionals, making it a requirement for them to receive the vaccine.

Bibliographical references:

  1. Short E, Zimmerman PA, van de Mortel T. Barriers associated with mandatory influenza vaccination policies for healthcare workers: an integrative review. J Infect Prev. 2020;21(6):212–20.

  2. Rashid H, Yin JK, Ward K, King C, Seale H, Booy R. Assessing interventions to improve influenza vaccine uptake among health care workers. Health Aff. 2016;35(2):284–92.

  3. Greene MT, Fowler KE, Ratz D, Krein SL, Bradley SF, Saint S. Changes in Influenza Vaccination Requirements for Health Care Personnel in US Hospitals. JAMA Netw open. 2018;1(2).

  4. Paul KT, Loer K. Contemporary vaccination policy in the European Union: tensions and dilemmas. J Public Health Policy [Internet]. 2019;40:166–79.

  5. Lindley MC, Mu Y, Hoss A, Pepin D, Kalayil EJ, van Santen KL, et al. Association of State Laws With Influenza Vaccination of Hospital Personnel. Am J Prev Med [Internet]. 2019;56(6):e177–83.

  6. Kitt E, Burt S, Price SM, Satchell L, Offit PA, Sammons JS, et al. Implementation of a Mandatory Influenza Vaccine Program: A 10-year experience. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;

  7. Costantino C, Restivo V, Tramuto F, Casuccio A, Vitale F. Influenza vaccination of healthcare workers in Italy: Could mandatory vaccination be a solution to protect patients? Future Microbiol. 2019;14(9s):45–9.

  8. Wang TL, Jing L, Bocchini JA. Mandatory influenza vaccination for all healthcare personnel: A review on justification, implementation and effectiveness. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2017;29(5):606–15.

  9. Maltezou H, Poland G. Immunization of Health-Care Providers: Necessity and Public Health Policies. Healthcare. 2016;4(3):47.

  10. European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies. The organization and delivery of vaccination services in the European Unit. 2018.

Awareness of the burden and severity of the diseaseAwareness of the burden and severity of the disease

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This policy involves a coordinated effort among various entities, both public and private, related to influenza vaccination, to create comprehensive awareness and communication campaigns. These campaigns aim to educate the public on the importance of influenza virus vaccination, including the involvement of patient advocacy groups (PAGs).

Bibliographical references:

  1. Influenza Diabetes Community, European Scientific Working group on Influenza. Commitment paper of the Influenza/Diabetes Community [Internet]. 2019.

  2. Maltezou H, Poland G. Immunization of Health-Care Providers: Necessity and Public Health Policies. Healthcare. 2016;4(3):47.

  3. Chevalier-Cottin EP, Ashbaugh H, Brooke N, Gavazzi G, Santillana M, Burlet N, et al. Communicating Benefits from Vaccines Beyond Preventing Infectious Diseases. Infect Dis Ther. 2020;9:467–80.

  4. WHO Europe. Vaccination and trust [Internet]. Copenhagen; 2017.

Belief in influenza vaccination benefitsBelief in vaccination benefits

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This policy advocates for positive media coverage of influenza vaccination, ensuring that the media adequately covers and promotes the importance of vaccination against influenza.

Bibliographical references:

  1. European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies. The organization and delivery of vaccination services in the European Unit. 2018.

  2. Kumar S, Xu C, Ghildayal N, Chandra C, Yang M. Social media effectiveness as a humanitarian response to mitigate influenza epidemic and COVID-19 pandemic. Ann Oper Res [Internet]. 2021;

  3. Bonnevie E, Rosenberg SD, Kummeth C, Goldbarg J, Wartella E, Smyser J. Using social media influencers to increase knowledge and positive attitudes toward the flu vaccine. PLoS One [Internet].

Target Population

We acknowledge that some of the policies are already in partial implementation in the country, despite presenting room for improvement.

 
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Complementary Bibliographical References

Complementary
Bibliographical References

  1. 'Did you have flu last week?’ A telephone survey to estimate a point prevalence of influenza in the Swedish population;
  2. 2014 Failed Influenza Vaccination Winter Campaign;
  3. 2019 Influenza Vaccination Campaign in an Italian Research and Teaching Hospital;
  4. A campaign aimed at increasing seasonal influenza vaccination coverage among post graduate medical residents in an Italian teaching hospital;
  5. A cloud-based simulation architecture for pandemic influenza simulation;
  6. A comparative analysis of influenza vaccination programs;
  7. A discrete time-space geography for epidemiology;
  8. A flexible simulation architecture for pandemic influenza simulation;
  9. A global map of hemispheric influenza vaccine recommendations based on local patterns of viral circulation;
  10. A neighborhood susceptibility index for planning of local physical interventions in response to pandemic influenza outbreaks;
  11. A network strategy to advance public health in Europe;
  12. A pneumococcal pneumonia and influenza vaccination quality improvement program for women receiving chemotherapy for gynecologic cancers at a major tertiary cancer Centre;
  13. A randomized trial of maternal influenza immunization decision-making;
  14. A review of the pharmacist as vaccinator;
  15. A systematic review of the health economic consequences of quadrivalent influenza vaccination;
  16. Age as a determinant for dissemination of seasonal and pandemic influenza;
  17. Algorithms for detecting and predicting influenza outbreaks;
  18. An assessment of the expected cost-effectiveness of quadrivalent influenza vaccines in Ontario, Canada using a static model;
  19. An effective strategy for influenza vaccination of healthcare workers in Australia;
  20. An evaluation of the 2016 influenza vaccination in pregnancy campaign in NSW, Australia;
  21. An intensive 5-year-long influenza vaccination campaign is effective among doctors but not nurses;
  22. An overview of current pharmacy impact on immunisation - A global report;
  23. Annual public health and economic benefits of seasonal influenza vaccination: a European estimate;
  24. Approaches to the vaccination of pregnant women;
  25. Are age-based strategies effective in increasing influenza vaccination coverage? The Spanish experience;
  26. Association between recruitment methods and attrition in internet-based studies;
  27. Association of acute myocardial infarction with influenza;
  28. Association of state laws and healthcare workers' influenza vaccination rates;
  29. Attitudes and beliefs on influenza vaccination during the covid-19 pandemic;
  30. Attitudes and perception of healthcare workers concerning influenza vaccination during the 2019/2020 season;
  31. Attractive VCR-linked financial incentive for HCP;
  32. Brief education to promote maternal influenza vaccine uptake;
  33. Burden of medically attended influenza in Norway 2008-2017;
  34. Campaign, counseling and compliance with influenza vaccine among older persons;
  35. Changing the default to promote influenza vaccination among health care workers;
  36. Chasing seasonal influenza — The need for a universal influenza vaccine;
  37. Closure of schools during an influenza pandemic;
  38. Cluster randomized trial of a toolkit and early vaccine delivery to improve childhood influenza vaccination rates in primary care;
  39. Communicable diseases prioritized according to their public health relevance;
  40. Consultations for Influenza-Like Illness in Primary Care in The Netherlands: A Regression Approach;
  41. Contemporary vaccination policy in the European Union;
  42. Correlation between mandatory influenza vaccination for healthcare;
  43. Cost-effectiveness of influenza vaccination of elderly in Sweden;
  44. Cost-effectiveness of switching from trivalent to quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccines for the at-risk population in Italy;
  45. Costs and effectiveness of influenza vaccination;
  46. Dealing with ecological fallacy in preparations for influenza pandemics;
  47. Description of the Western Sydney and Nepean Blue Mountains local health districts’ influenza prevention programme;
  48. Determinants of fatal outcome in patients admitted to intensive care units with influenza;
  49. Determinants of follow-up participation in the internet-based european influenza surveillance platform influenzanet;
  50. Determinants of influenza vaccination uptake among Italian healthcare workers;
  51. Developing a program to increase seasonal influenza vaccination of healthcare workers: lessons from a system of community hospitals;
  52. Does viral interference affect spread of influenza?;
  53. Duration of influenza vaccine effectiveness;
  54. Dynamic multicore processing for pandemic influenza simulation;
  55. ECDC Threat Assessment Influenza of possible swine origin in human in Spain;
  56. Economic consequences to society of pandemic H1N1 influenza 2009 - preliminary results for Sweden;
  57. Effect of a text messaging intervention on influenza vaccination in an urban, low-income pediatric and adolescent population;
  58. Effect of mass paediatric influenza vaccination on existing influenza vaccination programmes in England and Wales;
  59. Effect of motivational team on influenza vaccination coverage among health care workers;
  60. Effectiveness and acceptance of a health care-based mandatory vaccination program;
  61. Effectiveness of a multimodal intervention to increase vaccination in obstetrics/gynecology settings;
  62. Effectiveness of age-based strategies to increase influenza vaccination coverage among high risk subjects in Madrid (Spain);
  63. Effectiveness of an educational intervention on seasonal influenza vaccination campaign adherence among healthcare workers of the Palermo University Hospital, Italy;
  64. Effectiveness of an intervention campaign on influenza vaccination of professionals in nursing homes;
  65. Effectiveness of influenza vaccines in preventing severe influenza illness among adults;
  66. Effectiveness of MF59-adjuvanted seasonal influenza vaccine in the elderly;
  67. Effectiveness of the influenza vaccination program for the elderly in Taiwan;
  68. Effectiveness of vaccine against pandemic influenza A/H1N1 among people with underlying chronic diseases: cohort study, Denmark, 2009-10;
  69. Efficacy and effectiveness of high-dose versus standard-dose influenza vaccination for older adults;
  70. Efficacy and effectiveness of influenza vaccines;
  71. Efficacy and safety of high-dose influenza vaccine in elderly adults;
  72. Emergency Department influenza vaccination campaign allows increasing influenza vaccination coverage without disrupting time interval quality indicators;
  73. Employee influenza vaccination in a large cancer center with high baseline compliance rates;
  74. Epidemiologic and economic impact of pharmacies as vaccination locations during an influenza epidemic;
  75. Estimated costs associated with improving influenza vaccination for health care personnel in a multihospital health system;
  76. Estimating the annual attack rate of seasonal influenza among unvaccinated individuals: A systematic review and meta-analysis;
  77. Ethical approaches to mandating inflfluenza vaccinations for local health department workforce in Georgia;
  78. European all-cause excess and influenza-attributable mortality in the2017/18 season;
  79. Evaluating costs and health consequences of sick leave strategies against pandemic and seasonal influenza in Norway using a dynamic model;
  80. Evaluating influenza vaccination campaigns beyond coverage;
  81. Evaluating the importance of policy amenable factors in explaining influenza vaccination;
  82. Evaluation of a city-wide school-located influenza vaccination program in Oakland, California, with respect to vaccination coverage, school absences, and laboratory-confirmed influenza;
  83. Evaluation of an internet-based monitoring system for influenza-like illness in Sweden;
  84. Evaluation of employee vaccination policies in outpatient oncology clinics;
  85. Evaluation of nowcasting for detecting and predicting local influenza epidemics, Sweden, 2009–2014;
  86. Evaluation of the Canterbury under-18 seasonal influenza vaccination programme;
  87. Evaluation of the impact of immunization policies, including the addition of pharmacists as immunizers, on influenza vaccination coverage in Nova Scotia, Canada: 2006 to 2016;
  88. Evaluation of the impact of the 2012 Rhode Island health care worker influenza vaccination regulations;
  89. Examination of the British Columbia influenza prevention policy for healthcare workers;
  90. Exploring indirect protection associated with influenza immunization;
  91. Extensive hospital in-ward clustering revealed by molecular characterization of influenza a virus infection;
  92. Feasibility and acceptability of the multi-component P3-MumBubVax antenatal intervention to promote maternal and childhood vaccination: A pilot study;
  93. Feasibility of a pharmacy-based influenza immunization program in an academic emergency department;
  94. Flocked nasal swab versus nasopharyngeal aspirate in adult emergency room patients;
  95. Flu vaccination - The gap between evidence and public policy;
  96. Gender, Socioeconomic, and Health Characteristics Associated with Influenza Vaccination Coverage (VC) among Italian Healthcare Workers: Secondary Analysis of a National Cross-Sectional Survey;
  97. General practitioners perceptions about financial and non-financial incentives to improve influenza vaccination coverage rates in France;
  98. GP procurement for the flu vaccination programme;
  99. Health services utilization, work absenteeism and costs of pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 in Spain: a multicenter-longitudinal study;
  100. Healthcare worker influenza declination form program;
  101. High added value of a population-based participatory surveillance system for community acute gastrointestinal, respiratory and influenza-like illnesses in Sweden;
  102. High prevalence of influenza A virus in ducks caught during spring migration through Sweden;
  103. Higher all-cause mortality in children during autumn 2009 compared with the three previous years;
  104. Hospital-based cluster randomised controlled trial to assess effects of a multi-faceted programme on influenza vaccine coverage among hospital healthcare workers and nosocomial influenza in the Netherlands;
  105. How to implement seasonal influenza vaccination of health workers;
  106. How to respond to vocal vaccine deniers in public;
  107. Human cases of avian influenza in eastern Turkey;
  108. Immunisation of healthcare workers in the Nordic countries: Variation in recommendations and practices and a lack of assessment;
  109. Immunization of health-care providers - Necessity and public health policies;
  110. Impact of education program on influenza vaccination rates in Spain;
  111. Impact of elementary school-located influenza vaccinations;
  112. Impact of national influenza vaccination strategy in severe influenza outcomes among the high-risk Portuguese population;
  113. Impact of pharmacist administration of influenza vaccines on uptake in Canada;
  114. Impact of pharmacist immunization authority on seasonal influenza immunization rates across states;
  115. Impact of pharmacists as immunizers on influenza vaccination coverage in Nova Scotia, Canada;
  116. Impact of pharmacy-initiated interventions on influenza vaccination rates in pediatric solid organ transplant recipients;
  117. Impact of precautionary behaviors during outbreaks of pandemic influenza;
  118. Impact of the flu mask regulation on health care personnel influenza vaccine acceptance rates;
  119. Impact of the GP contract on inequalities associated with influenza immunisation;
  120. Impacting delayed pediatric influenza vaccination;
  121. Implementation of a mandatory influenza vaccine policy- a 10-year experience;
  122. Implementation of the Council Recommendation on seasonal influenza vaccination (2009/1019/EU);
  123. Improving influenza vaccination coverage among patients with COPD;
  124. Improving influenza vaccination rates of healthcare workers;
  125. Improvinginfluenzavaccinationuptakeamonghealthcareworkersbyon- site influenza vaccination campaign in a tertiary children hospital;
  126. Improving Influenza vaccine uptake in frontline staff;
  127. Incidence, etiology, and outcomes of community-acquired pneumonia;
  128. Inclusion of social media-based strategies in a health care worker influenza immunization campaign;
  129. Increases in vaccination coverage of healthcare personnel following institutional requirements for influenza vaccination: a national survey of U.S. hospitals;
  130. Increasing childhood influenza vaccination;
  131. Increasing influenza and pneumococcal vaccination uptake in seniors using point-of-care informational interventions in primary care in Singapore;
  132. Increasing influenza immunization rates among healthcare providers in an ambulatory-based, University healthcare setting;
  133. Increasing influenza vaccination acceptance in the homeless;
  134. Increasing influenza vaccination rates via low cost messaging interventions;
  135. Increasing influenza vaccine uptake in children;
  136. Increasing inner-city adult influenza vaccination rates;
  137. Inference principles for multivariate surveillance;
  138. Influenza burden of illness: estimates from a national prospective survey of household contacts in France;
  139. Influenza coverage rates in subjects with chronic heart diseases;
  140. Influenza detection and prediction algorithms;
  141. Influenza in Sweden 2018–2019 Season;
  142. Influenza in Sweden 2019–2020 Season;
  143. Influenza vaccination and its association with clinic use of evidence- based practices and individual patient characteristics;
  144. Influenza Vaccination Coverage Among Health Care Personnel;
  145. Influenza vaccination coverage among high-risk groups in 11 European countries;
  146. Influenza vaccination coverage among splenectomized patients;
  147. Influenza vaccination coverage of health care personnel in Los Angeles County hospitals;
  148. Influenza vaccination in health-care workers;
  149. Influenza Vaccination in Italian Healthcare Workers (2018-2019 Season): Strengths and Weaknesses. Results of a Cohort Study in Two Large Italian Hospitals;
  150. Influenza vaccination in Turkey: Prevalence of risk groups, current vaccination status, factors influencing vaccine uptake and steps taken to increase vaccination rate;
  151. Influenza vaccination of health care workers - Policies and practices of hospitals in a community setting;
  152. Influenza vaccination of healthcare workers in Italy - could mandatory vaccination be a solution to protect patients;
  153. Influenza vaccination of schoolchildren and influenza outbreaks in a school;
  154. Influenza vaccination strategies for 2020-21 in the context of COVID-19;
  155. Influenza vaccination: Key facts for general practitioners in Europe;
  156. Influenza vaccine coverage and reasons for non-vaccination in a sample of people above 65 years of age;
  157. Influenza vaccine effectiveness against influenza-associated hospitalization in children;
  158. Influenza vaccine effectiveness among high-risk groups: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis of case-control and cohort studies; 159. Influenza vaccines: Evaluation of the safety profile;
  159. Influenza-related healthcare visits, hospital admissions, and direct medical costs for all children aged 2 to 17 years in a defined Swedish region, monitored for 7 years;
  160. Initial epidemiological finding in the european union following the declaration of pandemic alert level 5 due to influenza A(H1N1);
  161. Integrated detection and prediction of influenza activity for real-time surveillance;
  162. Intentions to perform non-pharmaceutical protective behaviors during influenza outbreaks in Sweden;
  163. Interactive Voice Response and web-based questionnaires for population-based infectious disease reporting;
  164. Interim 2019/20 influenza vaccine effectiveness: six European studies, September 2019 to January 2020;
  165. Intervening to reduce inequalities in infections in Europe;
  166. Interventions to increase influenza vaccination rates in children with
  167. high-risk conditions;
  168. Key policy and programmatic factors to improve influenza vaccination rates based on the experience from four high-performing countries;
  169. Lessons learnt from pandemic A(H1N1) 2009 influenza vaccination. Highlights of a European workshop in Brussels;
  170. Let’s talk about hesitancy;
  171. Management of community-acquired pneumonia in immunocompetent adults;
  172. Management of two influenza vaccination campaign in health care workers of a university hospital in the south Italy;
  173. Mandated influenza vaccines and health care workers’ autonomy;
  174. Mandating influenza vaccinations for health care workers;
  175. Mandatory influenza vaccination of healthcare workers: a 5-year study;
  176. Mandatory policies for influenza vaccination;
  177. MandatoryseasonalinfluenzavaccinationormaskingofBritish Columbia health care workers;
  178. Mandatory vaccination for health care workers;
  179. Maximising the public health benefits of vaccination;
  180. Maximizing influenza vaccination uptake among healthcare personnel in Israel;
  181. Minority of U.S. hospitals mandate flu vaccination;
  182. Modeling influenza incidence for the purpose of on-line monitoring;
  183. Modelling estimates of age-specific influenza-related hospitalisation and mortality in the United Kingdom;
  184. Modelling the optimal target age group for seasonal influenza vaccination in Japan;
  185. Moving the needle on nursing staff influenza vaccination in long-term care;
  186. Multicomponent interventions to enhance influenza vaccine delivery to adolescents;
  187. Multiplex real-time PCR for detection of respiratory tract infections;
  188. Multivariate outbreak detection;
  189. National Board of Health and Welfare – database;
  190. Novel influenza a(H1n2) seasonal reassortant identified in a patient sample;
  191. Nowcasting (short-term forecasting) of influenza epidemics in local settings, Sweden, 2008–2019;
  192. Number needed to vaccinate to prevent hospitalizations of pregnant women due to inter-pandemic influenza in Sweden;
  193. Ontology based modeling of pandemic simulation scenarios;
  194. Optimizing influenza vaccine distribution;
  195. Pandemic Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 seroprevalence in Sweden before and after the pandemic and the vaccination campaign in 2009;
  196. Pandemic vaccination strategies and influenza severe outcomes during the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 pandemic and the post-pandemic influenza season;
  197. Panel of international experts concludes on influenza and pneumococcal vaccination in Europe;
  198. Patient experiences with influenza immunizations administered by pharmacists;
  199. Patient’s behaviors and missed opportunities for vaccination against seasonal epidemic influenza and evaluation of their impact on patient’s influenza vaccine uptake;
  200. Performance of ehealth data sources in local influenza surveillance;
  201. Pharmacists able to update GP patient records with flu vaccine data from winter 2019;
  202. Pharmacy-based interventions to increase vaccine uptake: Report of a multidisciplinary stakeholders meeting;
  203. Point of care experience with pneumococcal and influenza vaccine documentation among persons aged 65 years;
  204. Population-based simulations of influenza pandemics;
  205. Predictions by early indicators of the time and height of the peaks of yearly influenza outbreaks in Sweden;
  206. Predictive performance of telenursing complaints in influenza surveillance;
  207. Prevailing effectiveness of the 2009 influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccine during the 2010/11 season in Sweden;
  208. Prevention and control of seasonal influenza with vaccines;
  209. Promoting influenza vaccination among an ACA Health Plan subscriber population;
  210. Promotion of flu vaccination among healthcare workers in an Italian academic hospital;
  211. Promotion of influenza vaccination among health care workers;
  212. Prospective evaluation of a novel multiplex real-time PCR assay for detection of fifteen respiratory pathogens;
  213. Public health and economic impact of seasonal influenza vaccination with quadrivalent influenza vaccines compared to trivalent influenza vaccines in Europe;
  214. Public health impact of including two lineages of influenza B in a quadrivalent seasonal influenza vaccine;
  215. Quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (VaxigripTetraTM);
  216. Randomised controlled trial of a theory-based intervention to prompt front-line staff to take up the seasonal influenza vaccine;
  217. Randomized controlled trial of text message reminders for increasing influenza vaccination;
  218. Randomized controlled trial on promoting influenza vaccination in general practice waiting rooms;
  219. RCT of centralized vaccine reminder/recall for adults;
  220. Recommendations for mandatory influenza vaccinations for health care personnel from AMDA’s infection advisory subcommittee;
  221. Reducing racial disparities in influenza vaccination among children with asthma;
  222. Relevance of workplace social mixing during influenza pandemics;
  223. Respiratory viruses associated with community acquired pneumonia in children;
  224. Risk factors for serious outcomes associated with influenza illness in high- versus low- and middle-income countries: Systematic literature review and meta-analysis;
  225. Robust outbreak surveillance of epidemics in Sweden;
  226. School-based influenza vaccination: Health and economic impact of Maine’s 2009 Influenza Vaccination Program;
  227. School-located influenza vaccination decreases laboratory-confirmed influenza and improves school attendance;
  228. School-located influenza vaccinations for adolescents
  229. Seasonal influenza vaccination delivery through community pharmacists in England;
  230. Seasonal influenza vaccination in health care workers;
  231. Seasonal influenza vaccine dose distribution in 195 countries (2004-2013): Little progress in estimated global vaccination coverage;
  232. Seasonal influenza vaccine procurement systems in Europe;
  233. Seasonal influenza vaccine uptake and vaccine refusal among pregnant women in France: results from a national survey;
  234. Seasonality and geographical spread of respiratory syncytial virus epidemics in 15 European countries;
  235. Self-sampling for analysis of respiratory viruses in a large-scale epidemiological study in Sweden;
  236. Semiparametric estimation of outbreak regression;
  237. Semiparametric surveillance of monotonic changes;
  238. Semiparametric surveillance of outbreaks;
  239. Simulation as decision support in pandemic influenza preparedness and response;
  240. SMS versus telephone interviews for epidemiological data collection;
  241. Socioecological and message framing factors influencing maternal influenza immunization among minority women;
  242. Some model based considerations on observing generation times for communicable diseases;
  243. Spatial outbreak detection based on inference principles for multivariate surveillance;
  244. Statistical surveillance of epidemics;
  245. Strategies to improve influenza vaccination in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease through education and access;
  246. Support among healthcare workers for the new mandatory seasonal influenza vaccination policy and its effects on vaccination coverage;
  247. Surveillance of influenza A virus in migratory waterfowl in northern Europe;
  248. Swedish nursing and medical students’ high vaccination adherence during the influenza A (H1N1) pandemic 2009;
  249. Taking action on asthma;
  250. Text messages for influenza vaccination among pregnant women;
  251. The case for tracking misinformation the way we track disease;
  252. The effect of influenza vaccination for the elderly on hospitalization and mortality;
  253. The European Scientific Conference on applied infectious disease epidemiology;
  254. The impact of European vaccination policies on seasonal influenza vaccination coverage rates in the elderly;
  255. The impact of influenza vaccination requirements for hospital personnel in California;
  256. The impact of new universal child influenza programs in Australia: Vaccine coverage, effectiveness and disease epidemiology in hospitalised children in 2018;
  257. The importance of confidence, complacency, and convenience for influenza vaccination among key risk groups in large urban areas of Peru;
  258. The Occupational Risk of Influenza A (H1N1) Infection among Healthcare Personnel during the 2009 Pandemic: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies;
  259. The representativeness of a European multi-center network for influenza-like-illness participatory surveillance;
  260. The validity of self-initiated, event-driven infectious disease reporting in general population cohorts;
  261. Towards a simulation environment for modeling of local influenza outbreaks;
  262. Treatment and prevention of influenza: Swedish recommendations;
  263. Understanding non-vaccinating parents’ views to inform and improve clinical encounters;
  264. Universal influenza vaccination among healthcare personnel;
  265. Uptake of childhood influenza vaccine from 2012-2013 to 2014-2015 in the UK and the implications for high-risk children;
  266. Uptake of funded influenza vaccines in young Australian children in 2018;
  267. Using general practice data to monitor influenza vaccination coverage in the medically at risk;
  268. Using technology to affect influenza vaccine coverage among children with chronic respiratory conditions;
  269. Using the 4 Pillars to increase vaccination among high-risk adults;
  270. Vaccination and trust;
  271. Vaccination coverage rates in eleven European countries during two consecutive influenza seasons;
  272. Vaccination rates are associated with functional proximity but not base proximity of vaccination clinics;
  273. Vaccination strategies against COVID-19 and the diffusion of anti- vaccination views;
  274. Vaccination without litigation — addressing religious objections to hospital influenza-vaccination mandates;
  275. Vaccine cold chain in general practices: A prospective study in 75 refrigerators (Keep Cool study);
  276. Vaccine hesitancy and healthcare providers;
  277. Vaccine instability in the cold chain: Mechanisms, analysis and formulation strategies;
  278. Vaccines for preventing influenza in healthy adults;
  279. Vaccines for preventing influenza in healthy children;
  280. Vaccines for preventing influenza in the elderly;
  281. Variable influenza vaccine effectiveness by subtype;
  282. Visual inspection of vaccine storage conditions in general practices: A study of 75 vaccine refrigerators;
  283. Visualization of infectious disease outbreaks in routine practice;
  284. Web-based participatory surveillance of infectious diseases;
  285. What evidence is there for mandatory flu vaccination for healthcare workers?;
  286. Why are Mexican data important?