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Please be mindful that when a policy is chosen to be tested, the result will correspond to its full implementation.

Health authority accountability & strengths of influenza programHealth authority accountability & strengths of the program

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In pursuit of specific health objectives, countries, and in some cases, their regions, establish goals to guide their efforts. One commonly set objective is to achieve desired vaccination coverage rates (VCR). This is particularly relevant in the context of vaccines targeting prevalent diseases such as influenza, commonly known as the flu.
For instance, if out of a target population of 100 individuals, 65 have received the influenza vaccine, the vaccination coverage rate stands at 65%. These VCR targets serve as benchmarks to gauge the effectiveness of vaccination programs and to ensure adequate protection against infectious diseases within the population.

Bibliographical references:

  1. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). Seasonal influenza vaccination and antiviral use in EU/EEA Member States [Internet]. Stockholm; 2018.

  2. Blank PR, van Essen GA, Ortiz de Lejarazu R, Kyncl J, Nitsch-Osuch A, Kuchar EP, et al. Impact of European vaccination policies on seasonal influenza vaccination coverage rates: An update seven years later. Hum Vaccines Immunother. 2018;

  3. European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies. The organization and delivery of vaccination services in the European Unit. 2018.

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For individuals to access influenza vaccinations, there needs to be funding provided by either public or private entities. This policy specifically targets funding for flu vaccinations across various social groups for whom influenza vaccination holds particular significance.

Bibliographical references:

  1. Ting EEK, Sander B, Ungar WJ. Systematic review of the cost-effectiveness of influenza immunization programs. Vaccine [Internet]. 2017

  2. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). Seasonal influenza vaccination and antiviral use in EU/EEA Member States [Internet]. Stockholm; 2018.

  3. European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies. The organization and delivery of vaccination services in the European Unit. 2018.

  4. WHO. Guidance on the economic evaluation of influenza vaccination. 2016.

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This policy entails the nationwide regular monitoring of patient vaccination coverage rates (VCR) at vaccination sites and healthcare provider (HCP) levels by Health Authorities (HA). In essence, it involves the systematic oversight conducted by health authorities at the national level to track the vaccination coverage rates at individual vaccination sites and among healthcare providers.

Bibliographical references:

  1. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). Seasonal influenza vaccination and antiviral use in EU/EEA Member States [Internet]. Stockholm; 2018.

  2. Blank PR, van Essen GA, Ortiz de Lejarazu R, Kyncl J, Nitsch-Osuch A, Kuchar EP, et al. Impact of European vaccination policies on seasonal influenza vaccination coverage rates: An update seven years later. Hum Vaccines Immunother. 2018;

  3. Paul KT, Loer K. Contemporary vaccination policy in the European Union: tensions and dilemmas. J Public Health Policy [Internet]. 2019;40:166–79.

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This policy involves incorporating healthcare provider (HCP) vaccination coverage rates (VCR) against the influenza virus as a component of hospitals' performance criteria. In essence, it means that hospitals evaluate the performance of their staff based on their adherence to influenza vaccination protocols, emphasizing the importance of healthcare professionals being vaccinated against the flu.

Bibliographical references:

  1. Rashid H, Yin JK, Ward K, King C, Seale H, Booy R. Assessing interventions to improve influenza vaccine uptake among health care workers. Health Aff. 2016;35(2):284–92.

  2. Lindley MC, Mu Y, Hoss A, Pepin D, Kalayil EJ, van Santen KL, et al. Association of State Laws With Influenza Vaccination of Hospital Personnel. Am J Prev Med [Internet]. 2019;56(6):e177–83.

  3. Greene MT, Fowler KE, Ratz D, Krein SL, Bradley SF, Saint S. Changes in Influenza Vaccination Requirements for Health Care Personnel in US Hospitals. JAMA Netw open. 2018;1(2).

  4. Kitt E, Burt S, Price SM, Satchell L, Offit PA, Sammons JS, et al. Implementation of a Mandatory Influenza Vaccine Program: A 10-year experience. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;

  5. Costantino C, Restivo V, Tramuto F, Casuccio A, Vitale F. Influenza vaccination of healthcare workers in Italy: Could mandatory vaccination be a solution to protect patients? Future Microbiol. 2019;14(9s):45–9.

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This policy entails the establishment of a sustainable procurement system aimed at guaranteeing a consistent vaccine supply to prevent shortages and ensure that all individuals identified as vaccination targets have access to their required vaccine doses.

Bibliographical references:

  1. Grieco L, Panovska-Griffiths J, van Leeuwen E, Grove P, Utley M. Exploring the role of mass immunisation in influenza pandemic preparedness: A modelling study for the UK context. Vaccine [Internet]. 2020;38(33):5163–70.

  2. Farooq MU, Hussain A, Masood T, Habib MS. Supply chain operations management in pandemics: A State-of-the-Art Review Inspired by COVID-19. Sustainability. 2021;13.

  3. Wilsdon T, Lawlor R, Li L, Rafila A, García Rojas A. The impact of vaccine procurement methods on public health in selected European countries. Expert Rev Vaccines [Internet]. 2020;19(2):123–32.

Faccilitated access to vaccinationFaccilitated access to vaccination

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This policy aims to facilitate access to multiple vaccination settings, enabling individuals to receive vaccinations conveniently at various locations.

Bibliographical references:

  1. Rashid H, Yin JK, Ward K, King C, Seale H, Booy R. Assessing interventions to improve influenza vaccine uptake among health care workers. Health Aff. 2016;35(2):284–92.

  2. European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies. The organization and delivery of vaccination services in the European Unit. 2018.

  3. Gazmararian JA, Coleman M, Prill M, Hinman AR, Ribner BS, Washington ML, et al. Influenza vaccination of health care workers: Policies and practices of hospitals in a community setting. Am J Infect Control. 2007;35(7):441–7.

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This policy involves coordinating call-to-action communications from multiple stakeholders related to influenza vaccination. The objective is to effectively inform and motivate individuals from diverse target groups to get vaccinated against influenza.

Bibliographical references:

  1. Influenza Diabetes Community, European Scientific Working group on Influenza. Commitment paper of the Influenza/Diabetes Community [Internet]. 2019.

  2. Tailoring Immunization Programmes for Seasonal Influenza (TIP FLU) [Internet]. 2017.

  3. ECDC. Rapid literature review on motivating hesitant population groups in Europe to vaccinate. 2015.

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This policy entails healthcare organizations sending pop-up notifications or SMS messages to eligible individuals, reminding them to receive the flu vaccine as recommended.

Bibliographical references:

  1. Loiacono MM, Mitsakakis N, Kwong JC, Gomez GB, Chit A, Grootendorst P. Development and Validation of a Clinical Prediction Tool for Seasonal Influenza Vaccination in England. JAMA Netw open. 2020;3(6):e207743.

  2. WHO. Tailoring Immunization Programmes for Seasonal Influenza (TIP FLU). 2017.

  3. ECDC. Rapid literature review on motivating hesitant population groups in Europe to vaccinate. 2015.

Healthcare professional accountability and engagementHealthcare professional accountability and engagement

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This policy ensures that healthcare professionals undergo regular education and training in influenza vaccination. By staying updated, they are equipped to provide accurate information and assistance to individuals seeking guidance on vaccination.

Bibliographical references:

  1. Goldstein AO, Kincade JE, Gamble G, Bearman RS. Policies and Practices for Improving Influenza Immunization Rates Among Healthcare Workers. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2004;25(11):908–11

  2. Rashid H, Yin JK, Ward K, King C, Seale H, Booy R. Assessing interventions to improve influenza vaccine uptake among health care workers. Health Aff. 2016;35(2):284–92.

  3. Maltezou H, Poland G. Immunization of Health-Care Providers: Necessity and Public Health Policies. Healthcare. 2016;4(3):47.

  4. Gazmararian JA, Coleman M, Prill M, Hinman AR, Ribner BS, Washington ML, et al. Influenza vaccination of health care workers: Policies and practices of hospitals in a community setting. Am J Infect Control. 2007;35(7):441–7.

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This policy ensures fair and specific compensation for healthcare organizations and professionals for each vaccination administered.

Bibliographical references:

  1. Greene MT, Fowler KE, Ratz D, Krein SL, Bradley SF, Saint S. Changes in Influenza Vaccination Requirements for Health Care Personnel in US Hospitals. JAMA Netw open. 2018;1(2).

  2. Gazmararian JA, Coleman M, Prill M, Hinman AR, Ribner BS, Washington ML, et al. Influenza vaccination of health care workers: Policies and practices of hospitals in a community setting. Am J Infect Control. 2007;35(7):441–7.

  3. European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies. The organization and delivery of vaccination services in the European Unit. 2018.

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This policy mandates the vaccination of healthcare professionals, making it a requirement for them to receive the vaccine.

Bibliographical references:

  1. Short E, Zimmerman PA, van de Mortel T. Barriers associated with mandatory influenza vaccination policies for healthcare workers: an integrative review. J Infect Prev. 2020;21(6):212–20.

  2. Rashid H, Yin JK, Ward K, King C, Seale H, Booy R. Assessing interventions to improve influenza vaccine uptake among health care workers. Health Aff. 2016;35(2):284–92.

  3. Greene MT, Fowler KE, Ratz D, Krein SL, Bradley SF, Saint S. Changes in Influenza Vaccination Requirements for Health Care Personnel in US Hospitals. JAMA Netw open. 2018;1(2).

  4. Paul KT, Loer K. Contemporary vaccination policy in the European Union: tensions and dilemmas. J Public Health Policy [Internet]. 2019;40:166–79.

  5. Lindley MC, Mu Y, Hoss A, Pepin D, Kalayil EJ, van Santen KL, et al. Association of State Laws With Influenza Vaccination of Hospital Personnel. Am J Prev Med [Internet]. 2019;56(6):e177–83.

  6. Kitt E, Burt S, Price SM, Satchell L, Offit PA, Sammons JS, et al. Implementation of a Mandatory Influenza Vaccine Program: A 10-year experience. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;

  7. Costantino C, Restivo V, Tramuto F, Casuccio A, Vitale F. Influenza vaccination of healthcare workers in Italy: Could mandatory vaccination be a solution to protect patients? Future Microbiol. 2019;14(9s):45–9.

  8. Wang TL, Jing L, Bocchini JA. Mandatory influenza vaccination for all healthcare personnel: A review on justification, implementation and effectiveness. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2017;29(5):606–15.

  9. Maltezou H, Poland G. Immunization of Health-Care Providers: Necessity and Public Health Policies. Healthcare. 2016;4(3):47.

  10. European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies. The organization and delivery of vaccination services in the European Unit. 2018.

Awareness of the burden and severity of the diseaseAwareness of the burden and severity of the disease

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This policy involves a coordinated effort among various entities, both public and private, related to influenza vaccination, to create comprehensive awareness and communication campaigns. These campaigns aim to educate the public on the importance of influenza virus vaccination, including the involvement of patient advocacy groups (PAGs).

Bibliographical references:

  1. Influenza Diabetes Community, European Scientific Working group on Influenza. Commitment paper of the Influenza/Diabetes Community [Internet]. 2019.

  2. Maltezou H, Poland G. Immunization of Health-Care Providers: Necessity and Public Health Policies. Healthcare. 2016;4(3):47.

  3. Chevalier-Cottin EP, Ashbaugh H, Brooke N, Gavazzi G, Santillana M, Burlet N, et al. Communicating Benefits from Vaccines Beyond Preventing Infectious Diseases. Infect Dis Ther. 2020;9:467–80.

  4. WHO Europe. Vaccination and trust [Internet]. Copenhagen; 2017.

Belief in influenza vaccination benefitsBelief in vaccination benefits

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This policy advocates for positive media coverage of influenza vaccination, ensuring that the media adequately covers and promotes the importance of vaccination against influenza.

Bibliographical references:

  1. European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies. The organization and delivery of vaccination services in the European Unit. 2018.

  2. Kumar S, Xu C, Ghildayal N, Chandra C, Yang M. Social media effectiveness as a humanitarian response to mitigate influenza epidemic and COVID-19 pandemic. Ann Oper Res [Internet]. 2021;

  3. Bonnevie E, Rosenberg SD, Kummeth C, Goldbarg J, Wartella E, Smyser J. Using social media influencers to increase knowledge and positive attitudes toward the flu vaccine. PLoS One [Internet].

Target Population

We acknowledge that some of the policies are already in partial implementation in the country, despite presenting room for improvement.

 
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TEST YOUR POLICIES HERE Data based on Swedish Policies

Here are the health outcomes resulting from your selection.

National vaccination coverage baseline value

Population Covered

18.9%

1987590

from a total population of

10400230

Children
0.4% 7160

1790030 Total Population

Elderly
50.3% 1098217

2163725 Total Population

Pregnant Women
25.0% 27008

222661 Total Population

Healthcare Workers
24.3% 192413

792804 Total Population

High-risk Population1
47.7% 524905

1099278 Total Population

National vaccination coverage changes

Population Covered

19%

1987590

1987590

from a total population of

10400230

Children
??% 7160

7160 National VCR baseline value

Elderly
??% 1098217

1098217 National VCR baseline value

Pregnant Women
??% 27008

27008 National VCR baseline value

Healthcare Workers
??% 192413

192413 National VCR baseline value

High-risk Population1
??% 524905

524905 National VCR baseline value

Influenza infections
averted

Total numbers
637688

637688 Current Policy

Children
232108

232108 Current Policy

Elderly
106873

106873 Current Policy

Pregnant Women
3746

3746 Current Policy

Healthcare Workers
42795

42795 Current Policy

High-risk Population1
34234

34234 Current Policy

Hospitalizations
averted

Total numbers
3932

3932 Current Policy

Children
319

319 Current Policy

Elderly
2595

2595 Current Policy

Pregnant Women
10

10 Current Policy

Healthcare Workers
71

71 Current Policy

High-risk Population1
244

244 Current Policy

Flu-related GP Visits
averted

Total numbers
170837

170837 Current Policy

Children
51774

51774 Current Policy

Elderly
10413

10413 Current Policy

Pregnant Women
1516

1516 Current Policy

Healthcare Workers
22028

22028 Current Policy

High-risk Population1
14035

14035 Current Policy

Work Days Productivity Loss averted

Total numbers
572348

4543718 Total Employed Population (age 16-64)

6260368 Total Population (age 16-64)

572348 Current Policy

Children
0

0 Current Policy

Elderly
0

0 Current Policy

Pregnant Women
7178

7178 Current Policy

Healthcare Workers
81998

81998 Current Policy

High-risk Population1
65596

65596 Current Policy

Deaths
averted

Total numbers
8871

8871 Current Policy

Children
232

232 Current Policy

Elderly
7237

7237 Current Policy

Pregnant Women
5

5 Current Policy

Healthcare Workers
235

235 Current Policy

High-risk Population1
238

238 Current Policy

Hospitalizations
due to CVD
averted

Total numbers
1144

1144 Current Policy

Children
93

93 Current Policy

Elderly
755

755 Current Policy

Pregnant Women
3

3 Current Policy

Healthcare Workers
21

21 Current Policy

High-risk Population1
71

71 Current Policy

Deaths
due to CVD
averted

Total numbers
3691

3691 Current Policy

Children
97

97 Current Policy

Elderly
3010

3010 Current Policy

Pregnant Women
2

2 Current Policy

Healthcare Workers
98

98 Current Policy

High-risk Population1
99

99 Current Policy

Sustainable procurement system to ensure appropriate vaccine supply

Access to multiple vaccination settings

1 High-risk population: Individuals aged <65 years with at least one chronic condition and elderly aged ≥65 years.

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